摘要:Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics is a comprehensive introductory text which discusses the development of pragmatics - its aims and methodology - and also introduces themes that are not generally covered in other texts. Jenny Thomas focuses on the dynamic nature of speaker meaning, considering the central roles of both speaker and hearer, and takes into account the social and psychological factors involved in the generation and interpretation of utterances. The book includes a detailed examination of the development of Pragmatics as a discipline, drawing attention to problems encountered in earlier work, and brings the reader up to date with recent discussion in the field. The book is written principally for students with no previous knowledge of pragmatics, and the basic concepts are covered in considerable detail. Theoretical and more complicated information is highlighted with examples that have been drawn from the media, fiction and real-life interaction, and makes the study more accessible to newcomers. It is an ideal introductory textbook for students of linguistics and for all who are interested in analysing problems in communication.
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgements xxxii
1.What is pragmatics?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defining pragmatics
1.3 From abstract meaning to contextual meaning
1.3.1 Assigning sense in context
1.3.2 Assigning reference in context
1.3.3 Structural ambiguity
1.3.4 Interaction of sense, reference and structure
1.3.5 Ambiguity and intentionality
1.4 Utterance meaning: the first level of speaker meaning
1.4.1 Importance of utterance meaning
1.5 Force: the second level of speaker meaning
1.5.1 Understanding both utterance meaning and force
1.5.2 Understanding utterance meaning but not force
1.5.3 Understanding force but not utterance meaning
1.5.4 Understanding neither utterance meaning nor force
1.5.5 Interrelationship of utterance meaning and force
1.6 Definitions ofpragmatics (revisited)
1.6.1 Speaker meaning
1.6.2 Utterance interpretation
1.6.3 Pragmatics: meaning in interaction
1.7 Summary
2 Speech acts
2.1 J. L. Austin
2.2 Ordinary language philosophy
2.3 Logical positivism and truth conditional semantics
2.4 The performative hypothesis
2.4.1 Metalinguistic performatives
2.4.2 Ritual performatives
2.4.2.1 Felicity conditions
2.4.2.2 Explicit reference to felicity conditions
2.4.3 Collaborative performatives
2.4.4 Group performatives
2.4.5 Overlap of categories
2.4.6 Cross-cultural differences in use ofperformatives
2.4.7 Collapse of Austin's performative hypothesis
2.4.7.1 The grammatical distinctiveness of performatives
2.4.7.2 Do performatives always perform actions?
2.4.7.3 How to do things without performative verbs
2.4.8 Explicit and implicit performatives
2.5 Utterances as actions
2.5.1 Locution, illocution, perlocution
2.5.2 Speech acts
2.6 Conclusion
3 Conversational implicature
3.1 Introduction
3.2 H. P. Grice
3.3 Implicature
3.3.1 Conventional implicature
3.3.2 Conversational implicature
3.3.3 Implicature and inference
3.4 The Cooperative Principle
3.5 The four conversational maxims
3.5.1 Observing the maxims
3.5.2 Non-observance of the maxims
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4 Approaches to pragmatics
5 Pragmatics and indirectness
6 Theories of politeness