- Hiratsuka, T. (2014). A study into how high school students learn using narrative frames. ELT Journal, 68(2), 169-178.
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摘要:In order to explore student learning experiences in English language classes, this study employed a qualitative data collection method known as narrative frames, which uses prompts to stimulate written expression of ideas. Data were collected through narrative frames on three different occasions from 36 second-year high school students in a team-taught EFL classroom in Japan, in both English and Japanese. After collecting the frames, individual interviews were conducted with two students from the class and their team teachers to further enquire about their experience, particularly with regard to the use of narrative frames. Findings suggest that the narrative frame technique proved to be a beneficial tool for improving learner autonomy. It facilitated the students becoming responsible for their learning in general, and encouraged them to become more serious about their learning of the English language. Methodological implications for the future use of narrative frames are provided. Adapted from the source document
关键词:applied linguistics, bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education, Educational Activities, English as a Second Language Learning, High School Students, Japanese, Secondary Education, Learning Processes, English as a Second Language Instruction, Bilingual Education
- Murata, K. (2014). English as a lingua franca in the international university: The politics of academic English language policy. ELT Journal, 68(2), 205-207.
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关键词:applied linguistics, bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education
- Unsworth, S., ARGYRI, F., CORNIPS, L., HULK, A., Sorace, A. & Tsimpli, I. (2014). The role of age of onset and input in early child bilingualism in Greek and Dutch. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(4), 765-805.
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摘要:The focus of this study is the acquisition of grammatical gender in Greek and Dutch by bilingual children whose other language is English. Although grammatical gender languages share the property of noun classification in terms of grammatical gender, there are important differences between the languages under investigation here in terms of both the morphological cues for gender marking available to the child and the developmental path followed by monolingual children. Dutch offers limited input cues for grammatical gender, but Greek shows consistent and regular patterns of morphological gender marking on all members of the nominal paradigm. This difference is associated with the precocious pattern of gender acquisition in Greek and the attested delay in monolingual Dutch development. We explore the development of gender in Dutch and Greek with the aim of disentangling input from age of onset effects in bilingual children who vary in the age of first exposure to Dutch or Greek. Our findings suggest that although bilingual Greek children encounter fewer difficulties in gender acquisition compared to bilingual Dutch children, amount of input constitutes a predictive factor for the pattern attested in both cases. Age of onset effects could be partly responsible for differences between simultaneous and successive bilinguals in Greek, but this is clearly not the case for Dutch. Our findings are also addressed from the more general perspective of the status of 'early' and 'late' phenomena in monolingual acquisition and the advantages of investigating these from the bilingual perspective. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, child language acquisition, Greek, Dutch, Bilingualism, Children, Language Acquisition, Age of Onset
- Bridges, K. & Hoff, E. (2014). Older sibling influences on the language environment and language development of toddlers in bilingual homes. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(2), 225-241.
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摘要:Two separate studies examined older siblings' influence on the language exposure and language development of US-born toddlers who were being raised in bilingual homes. The participants in Study 1 were 60 children between 16 and 30 months who had heard English and another language at home from birth; 26 had older siblings, and 34 did not. The participants in Study 2 were 27 children, assessed at 22 and 30 months, who had heard English and Spanish from birth; 14 had school-aged older siblings, and 13 did not. Both studies found that older siblings used English more in talking to the toddlers than did other household members and that toddlers with older siblings were more advanced in English language development. Study 2 also found that the presence of a school-aged older sibling increased mothers' use of English with their toddlers and that toddlers without a school-aged older sibling were more advanced in Spanish than the toddlers with a school-aged older sibling. These findings contribute to a picture of the complex processes that shape language use in bilingual homes and cause variability in young children's bilingual development. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, child language acquisition, Siblings, English, Bilingualism, Language Acquisition, Children, Spanish, Language Use
- Bialystok, E., Peets, K. F. & Moreno, S. (2014). Producing bilinguals through immersion education: Development of metalinguistic awareness. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(1), 177-191.
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摘要:This study examined metalinguistic awareness in children who were becoming bilingual in an immersion education program. The purpose was to determine at what point in emerging bilingualism the previously reported metalinguistic advantages appear and what types of metalinguistic tasks reveal these developmental differences. Participants were 124 children in second and fifth grades who were enrolled in either a French immersion or a regular English program. All children were from monolingual English-speaking homes and attended local public schools in middle socioeconomic neighborhoods. Measures included morphological awareness, syntactic awareness, and verbal fluency, with all testing in English. These tasks differed in their need for executive control, a cognitive ability that is enhanced in bilingual children. Overall, the metalinguistic advantages reported in earlier research emerged gradually, with advantages for tasks requiring more executive control (grammaticality judgment) appearing later and some tasks improving but not exceeding performance of monolinguals (verbal fluency) even by fifth grade. These findings demonstrate the gradual emergence of changes in metalinguistic concepts associated with bilingualism over a period of about 5 years. Performance on English-language proficiency tasks was maintained by French immersion children throughout in spite of schooling being conducted in French. Adapted from the source document
关键词:applied linguistics, bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education, English, Children, Bilingualism, French, Metalinguistic Awareness, Bilingual Education, Immersion Programs, Fluency
- O'Brien, M. G., Jackson, C. N. & Gardner, C. E. (2014). Cross-linguistic differences in prosodic cues to syntactic disambiguation in German and English. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(1), 27-70.
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摘要:This study examined whether late-learning English-German second language (L2) learners and late-learning German-English L2 learners use prosodic cues to disambiguate temporarily ambiguous first language and L2 sentences during speech production. Experiments 1a and 1b showed that English-German L2 learners and German-English L2 learners used a pitch rise and pitch accent to disambiguate PP-attachment sentences in German. However, the same participants, as well as monolingual English speakers, only used pitch accent to disambiguate similar English sentences. Taken together, these results indicate the L2 learners used prosody to disambiguate sentences in both of their languages and did not fully transfer cues to disambiguation from their first language to their L2. The results have implications for the acquisition of L2 prosody and the interaction between prosody and meaning in L2 production. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, bilingual language processing, Prosody, Ambiguity, Speech Production, Syntactic Processing, Bilingualism, Pitch Phonology, Cues/Cueing, English, German
- So, W., Lim, J. & Tan, S. (2014). Sensitivity to information status in discourse: Gesture precedes speech in unbalanced bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(1), 71-95.
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摘要:This paper explores whether English-Mandarin bilingual children have mastered discourse skills and whether they show sensitivity to the discourse principle of information status of referents in their speech and gestures. We compare the speech and gestures produced by bilingual children to those produced by English- and Mandarin-speaking monolingual children. Six English-speaking and six Mandarin-speaking monolingual children, and nine English-Mandarin bilingual children (who were more dominant in English) were videotaped while interacting with their caregivers. Monolingual Mandarin- and English-speaking children produced null arguments and pronouns respectively to indicate given third-person referents, and nouns to indicate new third-person referents. They also gestured new third-person referents more often than given third-person referents. Thus, monolinguals' speech and gestures followed the discourse principle. English-Mandarin bilingual children's speech and gestures also followed the discourse principle but only when they were speaking in English. They produced nouns more often to indicate given third-person referents than to indicate new third-person referents in Mandarin, indicating the violation of the discourse principle. It is interesting that they gestured new third-person referents more often than given third-person referents in Mandarin. Thus, our findings suggest that gesture precedes language development at discourse level in the less-dominant language in bilinguals. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, bilingual language processing, English, Mandarin, Gestures, Bilingualism, Children, Monolingualism, Reference Semantic
- Uchikoshi, Y. (2014). Development of vocabulary in Spanish-speaking and Cantonese-speaking English language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(1), 119-153.
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摘要:This study examines vocabulary growth rates in first and second languages for Spanish-speaking and Cantonese-speaking English language learners from kindergarten through second grade. Growth-modeling results show a within-language effect of concepts about print on vocabulary. Language exposure also had an effect on English vocabulary: earlier English exposure led to larger English vocabulary in kindergarten. There was no interference of early English exposure on native-language vocabulary. Moreover, Cantonese-speaking children had higher English expressive vocabulary scores than Spanish-speaking children and this difference remained for the 3 years. In contrast, although there were no significant differences in first language vocabulary at the start of kindergarten, Spanish-speaking children had steeper growth rates in first-language vocabulary than Cantonese-speaking children, after controlling for language of instruction and first-language concepts about print. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, child language acquisition, Cantonese, English as a Second Language Learning, Spanish, Children, Bilingualism, Vocabulary Size, Vocabulary Learning, Native Language Acquisition, Language Acquisition
- Pang, J. & Chen, F. (Review of: Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D. & Sierra, J. M.). (2014). English-medium instruction at universities. Applied Linguistics, 35, 227-230.
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关键词:applied linguistics, bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education
- Hult, F. M. (2014). Covert bilingualism and symbolic competence: Analytical reflections on negotiating insider/outsider positionality in Swedish speech situations. Applied Linguistics, 35, 63-81.
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摘要:Bilinguals often face the challenge of negotiating a range of insider/outsider subject positions when interacting in transnational and intercultural settings. This article takes up the concept of symbolic competence, the awareness of socially situated symbolic resources and the ability to use them to shape interactional contexts, to examine how the author, a Swedish-English bilingual, manages this negotiation. Drawing on principles of the ethnography of communication in concert with the complementary discourse analytic perspective of nexus analysis, ethnographic vignettes are analyzed to explore strategic language choices the author made during specific speech situations in Sweden. It is shown that the concealment of linguistic abilities, or covert bilingualism, served as a resource to support the symbolic competence needed to facilitate the presentation of self during social encounters while mitigating the ambiguity of being simultaneously insider and outsider. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, bilingual language processing, Bilingualism, Negotiation, English, Ethnography of Communication, Swedish, Ambiguity, Pragmatics, Native Nonnative Speaker Communication, Cross Cultural Communication
- Rothman, J. & Treffers-Daller, J. (2014). A prolegomenon to the construct of the native speaker: Heritage speaker bilinguals are natives too!. Applied Linguistics, 35, 93-98.
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摘要:This Forum challenges the generally accepted position in the linguistic sciences -- conscious or not -- that monolingualism and nativeness are essentially synonymous in an exclusive way. We discuss two consequences of our position that naturalistic bilinguals and multilinguals exposed to a language in early childhood are also native speakers: (i) that bi-/multilinguals have multiple native languages; and (ii) nativeness can be applicable to a state of linguistic knowledge that is characterized by significant differences to the monolingual baseline. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, bilingual language processing, Bilingualism, Native Speakers, Monolingualism, Nonnative Speakers, Heritage Language, Multilingualism
- Sandhu, P. (2014). The interactional and narrative construction of normative and resistant discourses about Hindi and English. Applied Linguistics, 35, 29-47.
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摘要:This article is part of a study that examined the narratives of 19 Indian women about the impact of Hindi or English medium education on their lives. In the current article, an interview segment containing a hypothetical narrative recounted by one of these participants, Aditi, is analysed. The analysis uses conversation analysis (CA) tools to reveal the presence of conflicting Discourses regarding the value attached to English speakers by the two interactants. One of these leads to significant trouble in the talk that is attended to by Aditi through recounting a hypothetical narrative to justify her perspective. The study shows how the two planes of the narrative-the narrated world and the interactional narrating plane-are used by Aditi to critique hegemonic Discourses about English speakers. A CA-based sequential analysis reveals the embedding of the narrative in its local interactional setting while also displaying that the act of narration can be a site for the enactment of resistance to societal Discourses. Adapted from the source document
关键词:applied linguistics, bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education, Narratives, English, Hindi, Conversation Analysis, Interviews, Females, Language of Instruction, Language Use
- Ionin, T., Montrul, S., & Crivos, M. (2013). A bidirectional study on the acquisition of plural noun phrase interpretation in English and Spanish. Applied Psycholinguistics, 34(3), 483-518.
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摘要:This paper investigates how learners interpret definite plural noun phrases (e.g., the tigers) and bare (article-less) plural noun phrases (e.g., tigers) in their second language. Whereas Spanish allows definite plurals to have both generic and specific readings, English requires definite plurals to have specific, nongeneric readings. Generic readings in English are expressed with bare plurals, which are ungrammatical in Spanish in preverbal subject position. Two studies were conducted in order to investigate the role of first language transfer in this domain in both English --> Spanish and Spanish --> English directions. Study 1 used a meaning-focused task to probe learners' interpretation of definite plural noun phrases, whereas Study 2 used a form-focused task to examine learners' judgments of the acceptability of definite and bare plurals in generic versus specific contexts. First language transfer was attested in both directions, at lower proficiency levels, whereas more targetlike performance was attested at higher proficiency levels. Furthermore, learners were found to be more successful in learning about the (un)grammaticality of bare plurals in the target language than in assigning the target interpretation to definite versus bare plurals. This finding is shown to be consistent with other studies' findings of plural noun phrase interpretation in monolingual and bilingual children.
关键词:psycholinguistics, child language acquisition, Children, English as a Second Language Learning, Spanish as a Second Language Learning, Noun Phrases, Number Grammatical, Transfer Learning, Bilingualism, Monolingualism
- Ortega, L. (2013). SLA for the 21st century: Disciplinary progress, transdisciplinary relevance, and the bi/multilingual turn. Language Learning, 63(Suppl. 1), 1-24.
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摘要:The goals of this article are to appraise second language acquisition's (SLA) disciplinary progress over the last 15 years and to reflect on transdisciplinary relevance as the field has completed 40 years of existence and moves forward into the 21st century. I first identify four trends that demonstrate vibrant disciplinary progress in SLA. I then turn to the notion of transdisciplinarity, or the proclivity to pursue and generate SLA knowledge that can be of use outside the confines of the field and contribute to overall knowledge about the human capacity for language. I propose an understanding of transdisciplinary relevance for SLA that results from the ability: (a) to place one's field in a wider landscape of disciplines that share an overarching common goal and (b) to develop critical awareness of one's disciplinary framings of object of inquiry and goals and others' likely reception of them. Finally, I argue that it is by reframing SLA as the study of late bi/multilingualism that the remarkable progress witnessed in the last 15 years will help the field reach new levels of transdisciplinary relevance as a contributor to the study of the ontogeny of human language and a source of knowledge in support of language education in the 21st century.
关键词:SLA, bilingualism, multilingualism, monolingual bias, transdisciplinarity, framings, language ontogeny
- Jones, C., Meakins, F., & Muawiyath, S. (2012). Learning vowel categories from maternal speech in Gurindji Kriol. Language Learning, 62, 1052-1078.
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摘要:Distributional learning is a proposal for how infants might learn early speech sound categories from acoustic input before they know many words. When categories in the input differ greatly in relative frequency and overlap in acoustic space, research in bilingual development suggests that this affects the course of development. In the present study we describe the nature and extent of vowel variation in nearly 900 vowel tokens in maternal speech in Gurindji Kriol, a mixed language of northern Australia, which, like bilingual input, has differences in the relative frequency of adjacent, overlapping vowel categories. In Analysis 1, we provide the first systematic account of vowel variation and phone frequency in maternal speech in Gurindji Kriol. In Analysis 2, cluster analysis was applied to the vowel formant and duration data, to see what categories might emerge from acoustic data alone. The results suggest that, were infants to base their initial vowel categories solely on the clusters emerging in acoustic space, they might likely set up relatively few vowel categories. We discuss implications for how infants may learn Gurindji Kriol and for distributional learning. Adapted from the source document
关键词:psycholinguistics, child language acquisition, phonetics, phonetics, Maternal Speech, Native Language Acquisition, Vowels, Speech Sounds, Infants, Acoustic Analysis, Bilingualism, Pidgins
- Bylunda, E., Abrahamssona, N., & Hyltenst, K. (2012). Does first language maintenance hamper nativelikeness in a second language? A study of ultimate attainment in early bilinguals. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 34, 215-241.
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摘要:Within the field of SLA, the incidence of nativelikeness in second language (L2) speakers has typically been explained as a function of age of acquisition. An alternative interpretation, however, is that L2 learners do not attain nativelike proficiency because of first language (L1) maintenance. This interpretation has nevertheless remained mostly theoretical due to the lack of empirical evidence. This study sets out to address the role of L1 proficiency in L2 ultimate attainment by examining L1 and L2 proficiency in 30 early L1 Spanish-L2 Swedish bilinguals. Language proficiency was assessed through grammaticality judgment tests and cloze tests, and additional data on language aptitude were collected through the Swansea Language Aptitude Test (v.2.0; Meara, Milton, & Lorenzo-Dus, 2002). The results showed positive correlations between nativelike L1 and L2 behavior. Additionally, it was found that language aptitude was positively correlated with nativelike L1 and L2 performance. In view of these findings, it is suggested that (a) L1 maintenance does not hamper L2 nativelikeness and (b) language aptitude is an important factor for bilingual ultimate attainment. Adapted from the source document
关键词:applied linguistics, non-native language learning languages other than English, Second Language Learning, Language Proficiency, Bilingualism, Language Maintenance, Spanish, Swedish
- Polinsky, M. (2011). Reanalysis in adult heritage language: New evidence in support of attrition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 305-328.
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摘要:This study presents and analyzes the comprehension of relative clauses in child and adult speakers of Russian, comparing monolingual controls with Russian heritage speakers (HSs) who are English-dominant. Monolingual and bilingual children demonstrate full adultlike mastery of relative clauses. Adult HSs, however, are significantly different from the monolingual adult controls and from the child HS group. This divergent performance indicates that the adult heritage grammar is not a product of the fossilization of child language. Instead, it suggests that forms existing in the baseline undergo gradual attrition over the life span of a HS. This result is consistent with observations on narrative structure in child and adult HSs (Polinsky, 2008b). Evidence from word order facts suggests that relative clause reanalysis in adult HSs cannot be attributed to transfer from English. Adapted from the source document
关键词:applied linguistics, non-native language learning languages other than English, Adults, Children, Relative Clauses, Russian, Heritage Language, Bilingualism, Language Acquisition, English, Transfer Learning
- Fairclough, M. (2011). Testing the lexical recognition task with Spanish/English bilinguals in the United States. Language Testing, 28(2), 273-297.
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摘要:This investigation intends to assess the effectiveness of a lexical recognition test (Meara & Buxton, 1987) as a placement tool that distinguishes among levels of two groups of students: Spanish heritage language learners (HLL) and second language learners (SLL). Three hundred and thirty university students from four different levels completed a 10-minute/200-word task based on Davies' (2006) Spanish frequency corpora. The results were compared to those from a control group of bilingual graduate students. As comparison measures, about half of the students completed a Cloze Test while the rest were asked to carry out a Multiple-task Test. The results of the study suggest that for SLL, and HLL at the lower levels of language ability, a lexical test based on the 5000 most frequent words in Spanish is a valid and practical testing tool that correlates with other measures of language proficiency. For more advanced levels of HLL, a wider range of words is necessary to avoid the ceiling effect. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications, Ltd., copyright holder.]
关键词:applied linguistics, language testing and assessment, applied linguistics, non-native language learning languages other than English, Word Recognition, Spanish as a Second Language Learning, Language Tests, College Students, Placement Tests, Heritage Language, Bilingualism
- Kirkpatrick, A. (2011). Research into language education at The Research Centre for Language Education and Acquisition in Multilingual Societies (RCLEAMS) at the Hong Kong Institute of Education, China. Language Teaching, 44(3), 394-398.
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摘要:Several projects that are in progress at the Research Centre for Language Education and Acquisition in Multilingual Societies (RCLEAMS), one of four Institute-level Research Centres at the Hong Kong Institute of Education, are highlighted. These include projects in the following fields: (1) the Asian Corpus of English (ACE);(2) trilingualism and trilingual education in minority regions of China; (3) linguistic and cultural ecology; (4) using the local/regional language as the language of internationalization (Cantonese and Putonghua in Hong Kong); (5) perceptions of English language suitability and processes of language assessment recruitment in Filipino call centres; (6) effects of language aptitude and personality on linguistic performance in English as a second language in two Chinese populations; (7) boundary-crossing teacher trainees; (8) vocabulary development among learners of English in a Hong Kong primary school; and (8) the Multilingual project: policy and implementation. Adapted from the source document
关键词:applied linguistics, bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education, English as a Second Language, Multilingualism, Bilingual Education, Trilingual Education, Second Language Instruction, Hong Kong, English as an International Language, Corpus Linguistics, International Languages
- Barac, R., & Bialystok, E. (2011). Cognitive development of bilingual children. Language Teaching, 44(1), 36-54.
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摘要:There has always been a common-sense view that the number of languages that children learn, whether through natural exposure or educational intervention, has consequences for their development. The assumption was that these consequences were potentially damaging. Even now, after approximately 50 years of research on the topic, parents remain concerned about their children's development when it includes a bilingual experience. It is now clear that although parents were correct that speaking more than one language has consequences, the assumption about the nature of these consequences is not: the outcome of the experience is in fact the opposite of what many early researchers claimed and what many contemporary parents intuitively believe. In contrast to early warnings about negative consequences, bilingualism turns out to be an experience that benefits many aspects of children's development. Although there are documented delays in acquiring some formal aspects of each language, such as vocabulary (Bialystok 2010), bilingualism has either no effect (intelligence) or positive effects (metalinguistic awareness, cognitive development) on development. Adapted from the source document
关键词:applied linguistics, bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education, Bilingualism, Cognitive Processes, Children, Language Acquisition, Neurolinguistics, Metalinguistic Awareness, Cognitive Development